AADHAR:Still Valid

Context

Recently, the constitutional bench of the five judges of the Supreme Court has considered the Aadhaar scheme as constitutionally valid in its decision. However,
This bench of the Supreme Court has also made several provisions regarding the Aadhaar Act. It is notable that before the Supreme Court's decision, the right to privacy was made the original right, resulting in the form of infiltration of the citizens' privacy by critics and various activists. Constitutional
Rather, this project enables sections with margins to take advantage of technology to achieve various services, benefits and subsidies.

Some of the key features of the Supreme Court verdict
The Supreme Court has upheld the validity of the basis and said that adequate safeguards have been taken to protect the data and it is difficult to start the monitoring of the citizens by the basis of the basis.
Under the leadership of Chief Justice Deepak Mishra, the five judge bench asked the government to provide more security measures along with reducing the period of storage of the data.
The Supreme Court has said that the basis for opening a bank account and obtaining mobile connections can not be mandatory.
Apart from this, the court said that the basis for enrolling in the school should not be compulsorily and the administration can not make it mandatory.
However,
The Supreme Court has made the base and pan mandatory for filing income tax return (ITR).
The Supreme Court directed the government to ensure that the basis of the benefits of social welfare schemes will not be issued to the illegal migrants. Apart from this, the Supreme Court says that private companies can not demand the base.
It is notable that during the decision on the constitutional validity of the base, Judge Sikri said that there is a fundamental difference between Aadhar card and identity, that once it has been stored in biometric information, it remains in the system. Also, the base is a unique identity.
The Supreme Court has allowed that provision of the Basic Law,
Which involves sharing data on the basis of national security.
The base society is empowering the marginalized sections and gives them an identity. Justice Sikri has said that "Being unique is better than being best" and fulfills the principle of base proportionality.
What is the basis?
The Aadhaar card issued by the Central Government on behalf of the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) was introduced to give a unique identification number to every Indian citizen.
In the format in which we see it today, it is mandatory to have Aadhaar number to ensure uniform distribution of most of the benefits provided by the government.
Under this scheme an identity card is issued by the Government of India, which has a specific number of 12 digits.
Since it involves biometric identification,
So now most information about any person can be obtained through these 12 digit number.
It includes its name, address, age, date of birth, fingerprint and eye scanning.
Relevance of recent decision

This decision is important from the view that it not only tells the scope of the base,
Rather, it provides a framework under which it can work.
In the recent decision, majority opinion has demanded to limit the base plan for aspects related to welfare benefits, subsidies and money spent with the consolidated fund of India.
At the same time, Section 57 of the Aadhar Act, 2016 (financial and other subsidies,
Profit and Targeted Distribution of Services) has been largely limited to it. It is noteworthy that under this section, any authorized institution, corporate and persons authorized to use the Aadhaar number to establish identity of someone.
In the Supreme Court, Section 57 of the Aadhaar Act was said to be in violation of Article 14 and 21 of the Constitution and it has also been said that if the private agencies were allowed to use the Aadhaar numbers, then these statistics would be misused.
Assuming the official statistics, except for the authentication failure, except for more than 0.24%, 99 would be included in it.
76% of the people have taken the side of the plan to maintain the continuity.
As a part of the amendment brought in by the Supreme Court in the Rule 9 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (Records Maintenance Rule), 2005, as per the amendments brought in the year 2017, all other financial instruments such as mutual funds, credit card, insurance policy etc. It was compulsory to link with
Has been declared unconstitutional.
In fact, this amendment was violating the right to privacy of the person by accessing banking details. In this decision, the court has noted that there can not be such comprehensive provisions under the prevention of money laundering or black money, which targets every resident in the country as a suspect.
The Supreme Court said that the base can be passed like a regular bill, it is notable that in the year 2016, it was passed as a money bill. The Rajya Sabha receives limited power in terms of money bill, so it is easy for the government to get the bill passed by the Rajya Sabha by declaring a bill for money to avoid any obstacle.
While addressing the above mentioned issue, the Court has said that Section 7, which enables the use of the basis for obtaining any government subsidy, profit or service and for which the expenditure is incurred with the consolidated fund of India, The original provision is considered as 'money bill'.
However,
Delegation of Supreme Court judges, Justice D.V. Chandrachud, removing the majority decisions, called the entire Aadhaar project as unconstitutional.
Actually, Justice Chandrachud has been called unconstitutional to pass the Bill of Bill 2016 as a money bill. He also said that the authority of the President to classify a bill as a money bill should be judicially reviewed.
Justice Chandrachud said in his verdict in the protest that "if the Constitution is to protect political authority, strength and authority, then it is important to obey the rule of law".
Conclusion

The recent judgment of the Supreme Court not only tells the scope of the base,
Rather, it provides a framework under which it can work. It provides protection to the common citizens, with the direction of government to ensure the protection of confidential data of various controversial issues related to the Aadhaar such as the base, as well as political dominance, influence of force and authority. However,
In this regard, the points at which Justice Chandchud has given a verdict in protest are also needed to be considered seriously.

Hazardous storage of e-waste: Report

Why in the discussion?

A new report prepared by the Union Environment Ministry states that many Indian-e-waste recyclers are not recycling waste and some are stored in dangerous conditions, While others do not have the ability to manage such waste.
Recycling centers in India

There are 178 registered e-waste recycling centers in India which are recognized by the State Governments for processing e-waste.
India produces about two lakh tonnes of e-waste in a year and most of it is processed in the informal sector.
E-waste management rules

E-waste management rules,
Came into effect from 2016 October 2016.
These rules will apply to all manufacturers, producers, consumers, vendors, waste collectors, healers and users.
The informal sector will be formally formulated and workers will be trained to manage e-waste, not after removing precious metals from it.
Prior to this rule, the e-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 was effective.
E-waste management modification rules

Newly determined targets of e-waste collection will be considered effective from October 1, 2017. E-waste collection targets in different stages of 2017-
The weight of garbage generated during 18 will be 10%, which will increase by 10% per year by 2023. After 2023, this target will be 70 percent of the total waste generated.
If the year of the sale of a producer is less than the average age of its products then in this case, e-
Different targets for garbage collection will be determined.
The average age of the products will be determined from time to time by the Central Pollution Control Board.
In the systems related to harmful substances, under the ROH, the government will bear the expenditure of checking such products if the product is not in accordance with the provisions of the ROH, then the cost of the investigation will be borne by the producer.
Productive Accountability Organizations must apply before the Central Pollution Control Board to register themselves for working under the new rules.
The E-West Management Rule 2016 has been revised under the notification GSR 261 (E) on March 22, 2018.
Checking Compliance with the rules by Pollution Control Boards
Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Boards are authorized to check whether recycling agencies are following the rules or not.
Inquiry by the Ministry of Environment

The Environment Ministry examined 11 registered centers and a non-controlled recycling center in May 2018.
They are located in Kanpur, Thane (Mumbai), Vapi (Gujarat), Kolkata, Bangalore and Alwar (Rajasthan), which have been investigated by the Ministry of Environment, Recycling Centers.
Following these investigations, in the conclusion of its report in the Ministry, there are several types of violations found in these Recycling Centers such as e-waste storage, handling and non-
Adopt environmental practices and not following the guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board. Apart from this there were some recycling centers which were not operational or were not enough to manage e-waste.
No fixed location for garbage settlement
The Ministry of Environment was also inspected by the Kanpur based Recycling Center, Khan Traders, which has been authorized to collect and store 7,190 tonnes of e-waste annually, for the storage and disposal of all different types of wastes.
Various types of e-waste include air conditioner compressor, television set,
Computers and circuit boards etc. But it was found in the investigation that this company does not recycle any type of e-waste, but only manually removes the components present in it. Apart from this, there is no fixed place for disposal of hazardous wastes.
What is e-trash?

As the digitization in the country has increased, in the same proportion, e-
Garbage has also increased. Major factors of its origin include techniques and changes in human life style.
Computers and related equipment and home appliances such as TVs, washing machines and fridges (called white goods) and cameras, mobile phones and other related products when they are out of use / can be combined From E-
The name of garbage is given.
Things like tubelite, bulb, CFL, which we use in everyday use, also contain many types of toxic substances like mercury, which affect the environment and human health when they become useless.
With this waste, health and pollution related issues are linked,
But there is also a great reason for concern that it has taken the form of the domestic industry and the work of reducing it in homes has started extensively.
Effect of e-waste on health and environment

Insecure elements in e-waste and unsafe methods of disposal are affecting human health and there are various types of diseases.
It is believed that in the construction of a computer there are 51 types of components which can be considered poisonous and which are fatal to the environment and human health.
Most of the items used to make electronic goods include cadmium, nickel, chromium, antimony, arsenic,Beryllium and Mercury are used. These are all fatal to the environment and health.
Conclusion


Even if e-Rules have been implemented in the context of garbage management, but these rules can be successful only if they are implemented correctly. But seeing the report released by the Ministry of Environment, it can be said that the rules are not being implemented properly.

Supreme Court Decision on Reservation in Promotions

Why in News
The Supreme Court recently announced a major decision on reservation in the promotion. The court has upheld the judgment given on reservation in the promotion 12 years ago. The court said that there is no need to reconsider it and collect data. The Supreme Court said that in 2006 the decision given in the Nagraj case does not need to refer to a seven-member bench.
, In which conditions for the reservation for jobs in Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) were made.

Background

Deciding on OBC reservation in the Indira Sahni case on November 16, 1992, the Supreme Court had questioned the reservation being given to the SC-ST in promotions and ordered it to be applicable only for five years.
Since then the matter is in dispute. However, Parliament passed the 77th Amendment Amendment in 1995 and continued reservation in promotion.
This situation changed after the Supreme Court's 2006 judgment on Nagraj and the other Indian Government lawsuit.
SC-
In the judgment of M Nagaraj in the promotion of ST promotion in 2006, five judges had justified Article 16 (4) (A), 16 (4) (b) and 335 of the amended Constitutional provisions, but the court had said that SC - Before giving reservation to the ST in promotions, the government will have to collect statistics of their backwardness and inadequate representation.
It is notable that the court pronounced a fresh verdict on the basis of those petitions which stated that in the Nagraj case, the 2006 decision of Constitution Bench should be handed over to the seven-member Constitution Bench for re-consideration.
In fact, in the Nagraj case, the Constitution Bench had set conditions for SC-ST employees to get the benefit of reservation in promotions in jobs.
Significantly, in the Nagraj case, a five-member constitution bench, in its decision of 2006, had said that before issuing reservation in promotion to the people of SC-ST community, the State Governments had their statistics on backwardness of SC-ST,
They are obliged to provide information on the fact and overall administrative efficiency of their inadequate representation in government jobs.
The Center and various state governments had requested to reconsider this decision on various grounds. There was a basis in that the SC-
People of the ST community are considered backward and considering reservation on jobs, they should also be given reservation in promotions.
The Central Government had said that in the M Nagaraj case, SC-ST employees were given non-
The necessary conditions were laid down. Therefore, the Center requested to send it back to the big bench to consider it again.

Key points of judgment

The Supreme Court also rejected the Central Government's request that their total population should be considered in the reservation given to SC / ST.
The five-member Constitution Bench headed by Chief Justice Deepak Mishra unanimously passed this ruling. Other members of this constitution bench included Justice Kurian Joseph, Justice Rohinton Nariman, Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul and Justice Indu Malhotra.
After hearing various parties including the center in this case, the bench reserved its verdict on August 30.
The bench said that in order to give reservation to the SC / ST employees in promotions in the jobs, there is no need to collect the data telling the State Governments on the backwardness of the SC / ST.
However, the bench did not comment on the two conditions set out in its 2006 decision, which were related to negatively affecting the adequacy and administrative efficiency of the SC-ST in the promotion.
The court, in its decision not only in its earlier directions in 2006,
Dismissed the instructions, but also said that the guidelines given in Nagraj Decision go against the historic Indira Sahni Decree of 1992.

Forward path

Virtually reservation has always been a disputed subject, but reservation has become the most vivid issue in the decades since independence. Ironically, there is lack of entrepreneurship in India.
In this way, everyone looks at government jobs and explains the reservation according to their convenience.
There are no two opinions that there is a dire need for reservation to promote social participation in the country, but there is a truth that most people are unaware about the objectives of reservation.
As far as the creamy layer is arranged for scheduled caste / tribe, we have to keep in mind that comprehensive analysis of all the dimensions is first required.
For instance, the scale of social upliftment of SC / ST can not be related to income related data. This is the reason that the Supreme Court of India had changed its decision given in the Nagraj case to the Indira Sahni case and the arrangement of the creamery was limited to OBC only.

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana

PRADHAN MANTRI KISAN SAMPADA YOJANA

PMKSY is an umbrella project which includes the already running schemes like the Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Industries like Mega Food Park, Integrated Cold Chain and Value Added Infrastructure, Food Safety and Quality Assurance Infrastructure etc.
In this, infrastructure, followed and creation of sequels for agro-processing,
New plans like creation and expansion of food processing and conservation capabilities are also included.
The purpose of PMKSY is to become a supplement to agriculture, modernization of processing and reducing agro-waste.

Railway will introduce smart coach soon  

Indian Railways will present 'Make in India' Smart Coach with new features like black box and CCTV operated by artificial intelligence (AI).

In version 2.0 of these coaches, the railways are planning to introduce many new features.

Version 2.0 includes video analytics with face detection feature, detection of unusual phenomena,

There will be facilities like fire-and-smoke detection unit and energy-metering modules to measure the energy consumption of the coach.

Black box communication interface for traveler announcements with remote monitoring, GPS based announcement trigger, emergency intercom for passengers, digital destination board,

The train will act as the coach control unit for the Reservation Display module and CCTV.

Modern History of Bihar

                       MODERN HISTORY OF BIHAR

During most British India, Bihar was part of the Presidency of Bengal, and was ruled by Calcutta. Thus, it was an area of ​​great domination by the people of Bengal. There were all the major educational and medical centers in Bengal. Despite the unfair benefits of the Bengali people,

Some of Bihar's sons reached the position of prominence according to their intelligence and hard work. Rajendra Prasad was a resident of Ziradei in Saran district. He became the first President of the Republic of India.

In 1912, after separation from the Bengal Presidency, a province was included in Bihar and Orissa. Later,

Under the Government of India Act 1935, Orissa's division became a separate province;

And the Bihar province came as the administrative unit of British India. On independence, in 1947, with the same geographical boundary, the Bihar state made a part of the Republic of India till 1956. At that time, the south-east, mainly Purulia district, was separated and was included in West Bengal as part of linguistic reorganization of Indian states.

The revival in Bihar's history came during the struggle of India's independence. It was from Bihar that Mahatma Gandhi started his civil disobedience movement,

Who eventually led India's independence. On the continuous request of a farmer from Champaran district in 1917, Rajkumar Shukla Gandhiji took a train ride in Motihari, the district headquarter of Champaran. Here he learned the sadness of the oppressed poor farmers, the first hand, under the oppressive regime of the British.

In the tight reception of Gandhiji received at Champaran,

The British authorities gave notice to them about leaving the province of Bihar. Gandhiji refused to say that as an Indian he was free to travel anywhere in his country. He was detained in the district jail in Motihari for this act of disobedience. From your prison cell,

With the help of my friend from the days of South Africa,

C. Andrews, Gandhiji worked by sending a letter to journalists and the Viceroy of India, who saw what they saw in Champaran and formally demanded them for the liberation of these people. Upon production in court, the magistrate ordered the release of him, but on the payment of bail.

Gandhi ji refused to pay the bail. instead of this,

He indicated his priority to stay in jail under arrest. Gandhiji was receiving a huge reaction from the people of Champaran, and fearing the knowledge, Gandhiji had already been able to inform the viceroy of the farmers by misusing the British plantation owners,

The magistrate freed him without paying any bail. This was the first instance of the success of civil disobedience as a tool to win independence. The British got the first "Object lesson" of the power of disarmament. It also recognized British officials for the first time,

Gandhiji as a national leader of some results. What did Rajkumar Shukla do,

And the massive response to Champaran gave to Gandhiji, he got his reputation all over India. Thus, in 1917, a series of incidents began in a remote corner of Bihar, which eventually led India's independence in 1947.

The first Cabinet of Bihar was formed on 2 April 1946, consisting of two members, Dr. Sri Krishna Sinha as the first Chief Minister of Bihar and Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha as Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister of Bihar (also in charge of Labour, Health, Agriculture and Irrigation). Other ministers were inducted later.

The Cabinet served as the first Bihar Government after independence in 1947. In 1950, Dr. Rajendra Prasad from Bihar became the first President of India.

Strategy TO CLEAR BPSC EXAM

Why Strategies Need?

To ensure success in the examination conducted by the Bihar Public Service Commission, there is a need to create a proper and dynamic strategy according to its nature.

This is the first step that ensures your half success.

This test is usually three steps (Prelim,Main and interview) in which to succeed in each of the next steps, it must be successful in the previous phase.

The nature of the examination of these three phases is different from each other. Therefore, there is a need to create different strategies to ensure success in each phase.

Preliminary Exam Strategy:

First of all, study the syllabus of the Prelim examination and keeping in mind all its parts and aspects, set the order of priority according to convenience and interest.

Take a quick look at the questions asked in the preliminary examination in the last 5 to 10 years and pay more attention to those points and headings, which has been increasing the trend of asking questions in the past years.

Like the other State Public Service Commissions, the nature of the questions in the initial examination of the Bihar Public Service Commission is of type of objective (multifunctional), hence it requires special attention to the facts. For example, who was the real founder of 'Maurya Dynasty'? Which river is known as 'sorrow of Bihar'?

What is a disease called 'Ricketts' caused by the lack of vitamins? And so on .

On observing the course of this examination and the nature of the questions asked in the past years, it is known that the deep perceptual and factual information of some sections of it is compulsory.

The easiest way to remember and solve these questions is to make brief notes related to the factual information of the subject and to study it regularly. Like - a question asked which part of Indian Constitution is related to Panchayati Raj system? You should make a list of the major headings of all 22 parts of the Indian Constitution.

The course of General Studies of the Preliminary Examination includes the headline of India's history, geography, polity, economy, general science, mathematics, Bihar state special and contemporary events. Its detailed explanation is given under the title of the course.

Practicing questions related to general mental ability can be classified in various sections, previously asked questions.

To solve science-based questions, the book 'General Science-Lucent' can be helpful.

In these exams, the number of questions asked for state specific and current events is higher and therefore they should be regularly studied.

Historical events in the context of Bihar state special, role of Bihar in the freedom struggle and geography of India and Bihar should be given special care.

Similarly, studying the entire course of the initial examination in the context of Bihar state remains profitable.

Keeping in mind the nature and number of questions of current affairs, you can regularly study a website named GK today as many questions were directly asked from this website in the 63^rd prelims exam.

.Trying to solve the questions asked in the preliminary examination in the past 15-20 days before Practice Papers and in the prescribed time limit (usually two hours) is beneficial. While solving these questions where the understanding of the subject develops, in these exams it becomes easier to solve the repeat questions.

Do not leave any questions unanswered due to non-availability of negative marking in the initial examination and finally try to solve the remaining questions on the basis of estimation.

Main examination strategy:

Due to the nature of the main exam being descriptive, its preparation strategy is different from the Preliminary examination.

While the nature of the prelim examination is qualifying, the marks obtained in the main examination are added to the last merit list. Hence this phase of examination is extremely important and quite decisive.

The question paper in general Hindi is only qualifying (it is mandatory to get at least 30 marks) but in view of the result it has an important role in this examination, as it does not evaluate the answer papers of remaining candidates for unsuccessful candidates. goes.

Good sense of understanding of grammar (prefix, suffix, inverse etc.) of Hindi, short essence, unread quality, etc. is required for getting qualifying marks in general Hindi. For this, the study of books written by Hindi level books such as Vasudevanandan, Hardev Bahini will be beneficial.

The curriculum of the first paper of General Studies includes the modern history of India and current culture of Indian culture, national and international significance, statistics analysis, drawing and illustration etc.

It is relevant to study the current history of India's modern history and Indian culture and the current and national and international significance of Bihar state special. Because most of the questions related to these are connected to Bihar, like describe the role of Bihar in the revolt of 1857? Champaran Satyagraha, Santal Rebellion, Munda Rebellion,

The questions related to Bihar's role in the Quit India Movement etc. have often been asked.

A detailed study of the strategy adopted for the preliminary examination related to this section will be beneficial for the study of the current developments of national and international importance.

Statistical analysis it will be beneficial to practice the questions asked in the previous years.

The second paper of General Studies includes the Indian polity, the Indian economy and the geography of India, the role and influence of science and technology in India's development.

It is relevant to study the whole course of this paper in the context of Bihar state special because most of the questions related to it are connected to Bihar. Also, application related questions related to the usefulness of the technology are also asked. For example - critically examine the utility of remote sensing satellite in India's context. 4G,

What is 5G technology? What is their usefulness in daily life? And so on .

According to the new revision, now the courses of elective subjects will be combined with the first pre-paper and second paper. In such a situation where time management has emerged as a challenge, a comprehensive understanding of the entire curriculum is necessary for achieving good marks in this main examination.

For preparation of elective subjects for the main examination, the level books of related subjects such as Jha and Shrimali, Satish Chandra, Bipin Chandra and B. respectively for the four sections of the elective subject history (Ancient India, Medieval India, Modern India and World History) respectively. L. Grover and Lal Bahadur Verma Books and Vision D.P.

By studying the notes, it is beneficial to build point notes and question of it. This allows you to study the entire course quickly during the main examination.

It is known that the answer to the questionnaire with descriptive nature has to be written in the answer sheet, so while writing the answers to such questions, along with writing style and sophistication,

Along with time management, special attention should be given.

The development of writing style and sophistication comes from continuous practice, for which a comprehensive understanding of the subject is mandatory.

Interview Strategy:

Candidates selected in the main examination (usually 3 times the number of total vacancies as mentioned in the release) usually have to appear before the Commission for one month.

Interview is the final and important phase of any exam.

It is less than the point of view but it has a special contribution in final selection and posting.

 There are 120 points fixed for the interview (formerly 150 marks were prescribed).

The final selection is based on the merit list prepared on the basis of the main exams and the total marks obtained in the interview.

27 september news

                             Beginning of online application for agmark

Recently, the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has introduced online software for agmark certification for agricultural products.

Application related to Agmark Certification will be done online by the Process Marketing and Inspection Directorate (DMI). The application process will be simple, quick, transparent and 24x7.

Through the online Agmark System,

Services related to the permission of the printing press, the permission of labs and services related to the laboratory information management system will be provided.

Agmark is a certification mark in line with the standards set by the Government Agency Marketing and Inspection Directorate.

The applicant had to appear himself under the current process for the agmark certification. At the same time, the process was more time consuming.

The use of modern technologies by the National Informatics Center has made these processes easy, reliable and economical by providing online electronic access to these processes.

There is also a provision for obtaining the receipt of the fee online for the applicants in the new online application system. Payment will be received in digital mode through the website Bharatkosh.gov.in.

Astra Beyond Visual Range Missile

Recently, Indian Air Force conducted successful indigenously developed Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM) through Sukhoi-30 (SU-30) fighter aircraft.

This test was done from the Kalaikunda Air Force Station located in Kharkapur, West Midnapore district in West Bengal.

This test, done with artificial targets, meets all the standards and objectives of the mission.

In the series of tests conducted so far, 'Aastra' was completely abandoned by SU-30 fighter aircraft.

This aerial examination is also important as it was the last part of the series of earlier tests.

The 'weapon' missile is the best in the weapon system and so far it has more than 20 tests.

Astra is India's first indigenously built wind-to-air missile beyond the boundary. It has been developed by DRDO.

This advanced missile fighter gives the drivers the ability to target enemy aircraft and kill them from a distance of 80 kilometers.

DRDO has developed the 'Arsenic' missile to install Mirage 2000 H, MiG-29, Sea Harrier, MiG-21, HAL Tejas and SU-30 aircraft.

In this, solid fuel propellants are used.

                        Indian Ocean Naval Symposium

The third meeting of the Working Group of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IWG) on the Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) organized in the 3rd meeting of the Eastern Naval Command, in the headquarters of the Eastern Naval Command, Visakhapatnam, 27-28 September, 2018 is.

Indian Ocean Naval Symposium was launched in February 2008 to capitalize on the regional power of the countries of Indian Ocean region.

This was the first important international maritime security initiative of the 21st century.

In this, 35 coastal countries of the Indian Ocean region are divided into four sub-regions - South Asia, West Asia, East Africa and Australia,

Was divided into East Asia. It is worth mentioning that presently it has 24 members and eight supervisor navies.

IONS provides a regional forum where the Naval Chiefs of all coastal countries periodically meet each other constructively so that the necessary mechanisms, programs and activities for the area can be created or forwarded.

Presided by IONS

The post of Chairman of IONS continues to be gradually transferred in all four sub-sectors.

2008 to 2010 - India

2010 to 2012 - United Arab Emirates

2012 to 2014 - South Africa

2014 to 2016 - Australia

2016 to 2018 – Bangladesh

MODERN BIHAR

                        MODERN BIHAR

Bihar is an Indian state which is considered to be part of eastern and northern India. It is the 13th largest state of India, in which 94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi) area is located. India's third largest state by population, it is from Uttar Pradesh to the west, Nepal in the north, and northern part of West Bengal in the east, With Jharkhand in the south. Bihar Maidan is divided by the Ganges river which flows from west to east. Bihar is the integration of three different regions: Magadha, Mithila, and Bhojpur

On November 15, 2000, Southern Bihar was prepared to form a new state of Jharkhand. Only 11.3% of Bihar's population lives in urban areas, the lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh. In addition, about 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25 years, giving Bihar the highest proportion of the youth of any Indian state.

In ancient and classical India, Bihar was once considered as the center of electricity, learning and culture. From Magadha, India's first empire, along with the Maurya Empire, is one of the most widely followed religions of the world, Buddhism originated. Magadha Empire, especially under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, Integrated large parts of South Asia under Central Government. Another area of ​​Bihar is Mithila, which was the center of Brahminic education and the Videha empire.

There is an ongoing movement in the Maithili speaking area of ​​Bihar for a different Indian state of Mithila. The decision of the state capital will not be decided yet, but Darbhanga is the highest candidate. Other potential capitals include Muzaffarpur, Purnia, Madhubani and Begusarai

In the latter part of the 1970s, Bihar is far behind behind other Indian states in terms of social and economic development. Many economists and social scientists claim that this is a direct result of central government policies, such as freight equal policy, indifference towards Bihar, lack of sub-nationalism of Biharis, And permanent settlement of 1793 by the British East India Company 
However, the state government has taken important steps in the development of the state. Better governance has led to economic revival in the state through better investment in infrastructure, better health care facilities, greater emphasis on education, and reduction of crime and corruption.

Bihar Demographics
After the 2011 census, Bihar was India's third most populous state with a total population of 104,099,452 (54,278,157 men and 49,821,295 women). About 89% of Bihar's population lives in rural areas. The density was 1,106. The sex ratio was 918 females per 1000 males.  About 58% of Bihar's population was under 25 years of age, Which is the highest in India. Most of Bihar's population is related to Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups, as well as with some Dravid speaking and Austro-speaking people, mostly in Chhotanagpur Plateau (now part of Jharkhand).

It attracted Punjabi Hindu refugees during the partition of British India in 1947. Bihar's total literacy rate is 63.82% (75.7% for males and 53% for females), which has registered an increase of 20% in female literacy over a decade.  At 11.3%, Bihar has the second lowest urbanization rate in India.  According to the 2011 census, Population density increased to 1000 per square kilometer, making Bihar the most densely populated state of India, but still less than the distribution of Western Java or Indonesia.
According to the 2011 census, 82.7% of Bihar's population practiced Hinduism while 16.9% followed Islam.

Agriculture

Bihar is the largest producer of vegetables and second largest producer of fruits in India. Bihar has high agricultural production which makes it one of the strongest regions of the state. Approximately 80 percent of the state's population is employed in agriculture, which is more than the average of India.

The main agricultural products produced in Bihar are Litchi, Guava, Mango, Pineapple, Brinjal,Lady finger,  Cauliflower, Cabbage, Rice, Wheat and Sugarcane.

Although good soil and favorable climate conditions like good rains favour agriculture, it still has to face the danger of flood, which can emerge from fertile soil, if not properly preserved. The state (mostly southern parts) face drought almost every year, such as the production of crops like paddy.

TOURISM in Bihar

Bihar's culture and heritage can be seen from the large number of ancient

 monuments spread throughout the state. Tourists from around the world are 

visited by Bihar, about 24,000,

000 (24 million) tourists visiting the state each year.

In earlier times, tourism in this area was entirely based on educational tourism,

 because Bihar was home to some of the major ancient universities like Bihar 

Nalanda and Vikramashila 

TRANSPORT

Airways

There are three operational airports in Bihar: Lok Nayak Jay Prakash Narayan international Airport, Patna; Gaya Airport; And Purnia Airport To get international chartered flights, Patna Airport has been classified as a restricted international airport with customs facilities. An airport at Muzaffarpur is under construction. Darbhanga airport is scheduled to start operations under the UDAN-2 scheme.

INLAND WATERWAYS

The Ganga - Naval throughout the year - the main river highway in the vast north

 Indo-Gangetic plain. 

Was capable of accommodating five hundred traders were known to rotate this river during 

ancient times; 

It worked as a vascular for foreign trade,

As the goods were transported to Palampur (later Patna) and Champa (later Bhagalpur)

 in the sea and to ports in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.

Geography Of Bihar

Bihar is situated in the eastern district of India between scope 24°-20'- 10" N ~ 27°-31'- 15" N and longitude 83°-19'- 50" E ~ 88°-17'- 40" E. It is an altogether land– bolted state, in a subtropical area of the calm zone. Bihar lies between the muggy West Bengal in the east and the sub moist Uttar Pradesh in the west, which gives it a transitional position in regard of atmosphere, economy and culture. It is limited by Nepal in the north and by Jharkhand in the south. Bihar plain is isolated into two unequal parts (North Bihar and South Bihar) by the stream Ganges which courses through the center from west to east. Bihar's territory has normal rise above ocean level of 173 feet.

Normal assets

Bihar is predominantly an immense stretch of extremely fruitful level land. It is depleted by the Ganges River, including northern tributaries of other stream The Bihar plain is separated into two unequal parts by the waterway Ganges which moves through the center from west to east. Different Ganges tributaries are the Son, Budhi Gandak, Chandan, Orhani and Phalgu. The Himalayas start at lower regions a short separation inside Nepal however impact Bihar's landforms, atmosphere, hydrology and culture. Focal parts of Bihar have some little slopes, for instance the Rajgir slopes. The Himalayan Mountains are toward the north of Bihar, in Nepal. Toward the south is the Chota Nagpur level, which was a piece of Bihar until the point that 2000 yet now is a piece of a different state called Jharkhand.

Forests

Bihar has advised backwoods territory of 6,764.14 km², which is 7.1 for each penny of its topographical region. The sub Himalayan lower region of Someshwar and Dun ranges in Champaran region another belt of sodden deciduous backwoods. These likewise comprises of bush, grass and reeds. Here the precipitation is over 1,600 mm and along these lines advances lush Sal woodlands in the favored regions. The sweltering and dry summer gives the deciduous woods. The most imperative trees are Shorea Robusta (Sal), Shisham, Cedrela Toona, Khair, and Semal. This sort of woods additionally happens in Saharsa locale and Purnia area.

Minerals

Bihar is a maker of Steatite (945 tons), Pyrites (9,539 tons/year), Quartzite (14,865 tons/year), Crude Mica (53 tons/year), Limestone (4,78,000 tons/year). Bihar has likewise some great asset of Bauxite in Jamui area, Cement Mortar in Bhabhua, Dolomite in Bhabhua, Glass sand in Bhabhua, Mica in Muzaffarpur, Nawada, Jamui, Gaya and salt in Gaya and Jamui,uranium in Gaya

Flood

Bihar is India's most Flood inclined State, with 76% of the populace in the north Bihar living under the repeating risk of surge devastation.According to some authentic information, 16.5% of the aggregate surge influenced zone in India is situated in Bihar while 22.1% of the surge influenced populace in India lives in Bihar. Around 68,800 square kilometers (26,600 sq mi) out of aggregate land territory of 94,160 square kilometers (36,360 sq mi) involving 73.06% is surge influenced. Surges in Bihar are a repeating debacle which on a yearly premise obliterates a great many human lives separated from domesticated animals and resources worth millions.
Climate of Bihar

climate of bihar is partitioned into three sorts:

1.winter season

2.summer season

3.Monsoon

1.Winter

The cool climate starts right off the bat in November and arrives at an end amidst March. The atmosphere in the October and November is charming. The days are splendid and warm and the sun isn't excessively hot. When the sun sets the temperature falls and the warmth of the day yields place to a sharp propping cool. The temperature in Winter all over Bihar fluctuates from 0– 10 °C. On 7 January 2013, in early morning, mercury plunged to a record low to 0 °C in Gopalganj, 0.2 °C in Jehanabad, 0.7 °C in Vaishali, 1 °C in Patna, Muzaffarpur and different urban communities. December and January are the coldest months in Bihar. Forbesganj Bihar Also recorded - 2° Celsius.

2.Summer

The sweltering climate sets in March and keeps going until the center of June. The most elevated temperature is regularly enrolled in May which is the most blazing month in the state. Like whatever remains of the northern India, Bihar additionally encounters dust-storms, thunder-tempests and residue raising breezes amid the hot season. Residue storms having a speed of 48– 64 km/hour are most successive in May and with second greatest in April and June. The hot breezes (loo) of Bihar fields blow amid April and May with a normal speed of 8– 16 km/hour. This hot breezes incredibly influences human solace amid this season.

Rainy or Monsoon

Not long after Mid June this the blustery season initiates and proceeds till the finish of September, the start of this season happens when a tempest from the Bay of Bengal disregards Bihar. The beginning of rainstorm might be as right on time as the most recent seven day stretch of May or as the first or second seven day stretch of July. The stormy season starts in June. The rainiest months are July and August. The downpours are the endowments of the south west storm. There are in Bihar three particular regions where precipitation surpasses 1800 mm. Two of them lie on northern and north-western wings of the state and the third lies in the Netarhat pat. The south-west storm regularly pulls back from Bihar in the principal seven day stretch of October.

Post Monsoon

A vital element of the withdrawing rainstorm season in Bihar is the intrusion of tropical tornados starting in the Bay of Bengal at around 12° N scope. Bihar is likewise affected by the tropical storms beginning in the south China ocean. The most extreme recurrence of the tropical cyclonesin Bihar is amid September– November particularly amid the asterism called hathiya. These twisters are fundamental for the developing of paddy, and are required for the soaking of the dirt for the development of rabi crops.

बिहार में प्रथम

          बिहार में प्रथम

         

1.बिहार दौरा करने वाला पहला अंग्रेजी यात्री      राल्फ फिंच

 2.प्रथम राज्यपाल                                        जयरामदास दौलतराम

 3.प्रथम मुख्यमंत्री                                        श्री कृष्ण सिंह

 4.प्रथम हरिजन मुख्यमंत्री                             भोला पासवान शास्त्री

 5.प्रथम महिला मुख्यमंत्री                               राबड़ी देवी

 6.प्रथम मुस्लिम मुख्यमंत्री                                 अब्दुल गफूर

 7. प्रथम  निर्दलीय मुख्यमंत्री                                       महामाया प्रसाद सिन्हा

  8.प्रथम विधानसभा अध्यक्ष                                           रामदयालु सिंह

 9.राज्य की प्रथम महिला आयोग अध्यक्ष                         मंजू प्रकाश

 10.उच्च न्यायालय के प्रथम मुख्य न्यायाधीश                   सर  एडवर्ड चमियार

 11.उच्च न्यायालय के प्रथम भारतीय मुख्य न्यायाधीश       सर सैयद फजल अली

 12.उच्च न्यायालय की पहली महिला मुख्य न्यायाधीश          रेखा मनोहर लाल दोशीत

 13.सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के प्रथम बिहारी मुख्य न्यायाधीश          स्व. भुवनेश्वर प्रसाद सिंहा

 14.अशोक चक्र प्राप्त करने वाला प्रथम बिहारी                                      स्व. रणधीर वर्मा

 15.प्रथम महाकवि                                                                                     विद्यापति

 16.प्रथम खुला विश्वविद्यालय                                      नालंदा खुला  विश्वविद्यालय

 17.आधुनिक बिहार का प्रथम विश्वविद्यालय                                 पटना विश्वविद्यालय

  18.प्रथम   चिकित्सा महाविद्यालय जिसने प्लैटिनम जुबली मनाया            पटना चिकित्सा महाविद्यालय

 19.संविधान की आठवीं अनुसूची में शामिल बिहार की पहली भाषा                     मैथिली

  20.प्रथम साप्ताहिक हिंदी समाचार पत्र                                                    बिहार बंधु

 21.प्रथम भोजपुरी फिल्म                                                    गंगा मैया तोहे पियरी चढ़ाइबो

 22.पहला बैंक                                                                        इलाहाबाद बैंक

  23.प्रथम बिहारी उप प्रधानमंत्री                                                 जगजीवन राम

24. बिहार के प्रथम नगर पालिका                                                  आरा (1865 )

    25.ज्ञानपीठ पुरस्कार विजेता प्रथम बिहारी                 रामधारी सिंह दिनकर (1972) "उर्वशी" हेतु

26.बिहार का प्रथम विज्ञान केंद्र              श्री कृष्ण विज्ञान केंद्र पटना 

 27.बिहार का प्रथम मैथिली फिल्म               कन्यादान

 28.प्रथम तेल शोधक कारखाना             बरौनी रिफायनरी

29.प्रथम दूरदर्शन प्रसारण केंद्र                 मुजफ्फरपुर 1978

 30.पहली ऑनलाइन पंचायत               भवानीपुर पश्चिम चंपारण

31.किस वर्ष बिहार में असहयोग आंदोलन प्रारंभ किया गया          वर्ष 1920

32.बिहार में किस महिला को बिहार की लक्ष्मी बाई के नाम से जाना जाता है   

रामस्वरूप देवी

 33.बिहार का प्रथम नृत्य भवन कौन सा था        भारतीय कला मंदिर (पटना)

 34.बिहार में किस वर्ष प्रथम चीनी मिल लगाई गई थी        वर्ष1904